What is considered the most common local factor in the etiology of periodontal disease?

Calculus is considered the most common local factor in the etiology of periodontal disease because it serves as a significant irritant to the periodontal tissues. Calculus, or tartar, forms when plaque, a soft and sticky biofilm of bacteria, hardens on the teeth due to mineralization from saliva. Once formed, calculus provides a rough surface that further accumulates plaque, making effective oral hygiene more challenging. This persistent biofilm leads to inflammation of the gums, or gingivitis, which can progress to more severe forms of periodontal disease if not appropriately managed.

In understanding this context, it becomes clear that while other factors such as occlusal trauma, brushing habits, and coarse foods may influence periodontal health, they do not have the same direct and pervasive impact on disease development. Calculus is more consistently associated with periodontal disease because it physically facilitates the retention of bacteria, exacerbating pathogenic processes, and is a common finding in individuals with periodontal issues. Regular professional cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential to control calculus formation and, consequently, help prevent periodontal disease.